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LNAPL Update

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About ITRC
Navigating this Website
1 Introduction
2 LNAPL Regulatory Context, Challenges, and Outreach
2 LNAPL Regulatory Context, Challenges, and Outreach Overview
2.1 Regulatory Challenges
2.2 Weather Vulnerabilities
2.3 Stakeholder Concerns, Community Outreach and Engagement
2.4 Streamlining the Corrective Action Process by Increased Communication
3 Key LNAPL Concepts
3 Key LNAPL Concepts Overview
3.1 Common Misconceptions
3.2 Life Cycle and Anatomy of an LNAPL Body
3.3 Overview of Natural Source Zone Depletion
3.4 LNAPL Thickness in Wells
3.5 States of LNAPL Saturation
3.6 LNAPL Recoverability and Transmissivity
3.7 Relation of LNAPL Saturation and Composition to Technology Selection
4 LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LCSM)
4 LNAPL Conceptual Site Model (LCSM) Overview
4.1 How Much Data is Enough?
4.2 Initial LCSM
4.3 LNAPL Tools
4.4 Remedy Selection LCSM
5 LNAPL Concerns, Remedial Goals, Objectives, and Technology Groups
5 LNAPL Concerns, Remedial Goals, Remediation Objectives, and Remedial Technology Groups Overview
5.1 Identifying LNAPL Concerns
5.2 Establishing LNAPL Remedial Goals
5.3 Determining LNAPL Remediation Objectives
5.4 LNAPL Remedial Technology Groups
5.5 Establishing Remedial Performance Metrics and Remediation Endpoints
5.6 Integration of the LCSM and LNAPL Remedial Technology Selection
6 LNAPL Remedial Technology Selection
6 LNAPL Remedial Technology Selection Overview
6.1 Process Overview
6.2 Preliminary Technology Screening
6.3 Technology Evaluation
6.4 Technology Selection, Implementation, and Evaluation
Additional Information
Appendix A – LNAPL Technologies Appendix
Appendix B – Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) Appendix
Executive Summary
1.0 Introduction
2.0 NSZD Processes and Theory
3.0 Incorporating NSZD into the LNAPL Site Management Process
4.0 Methods of NSZD Rate Quantification
5.0 Considerations in Long-term LNAPL site Management
Appendix C – Transmissivity (Tn) Appendix
1. Introduction
2.0 Field Methods to Measure Tn
3.0 Data evaluation and estimation of Tn – How do you estimate Tn?
4.0 Case Studies
Appendix D – Fractured Rock Appendix
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Fractured Rock Concepts and Technical Background
3.0 LNAPL Conceptual Site Model
4.0 Remedial Technologies
Appendix E – LNAPL Sheens Appendix
1.0 Introduction–What Are LNAPL Sheens?
2.0 What are Some Important Regulatory Requirements Concerning Sheens?
3.0 What Are the Common Sheen Forming Scenarios and Processes?
4.0 What Are Methods to Identify Petroleum Derived Sheens?
5.0 What Tools are Available to Assess Flux from Seeps?
6.0 Potential Sheen Mitigation Technologies
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Team Contacts
References
Document Feedback

 

LNAPL Update
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Appendix A–LNAPL Technologies Appendix

Click on the links below to open the individual tables in Adobe PDF format.

Excavation A-1

Table A-1-A. Excavation

Table A-1-B. Evaluation factors for Excavation

Table A-1-C. Technical implementation considerations for Excavation

 

Skimming A-2

Table A-2-A. Skimming

Table A-2-B. Evaluation factors for Skimming

Table A-2-C. Technical implementation considerations for Skimming

 

Vacuum Enhanced Skimming A-3

Table A-3-A. Vacuum Enhanced Skimming

Table A-3-B. Evaluation factors for Vacuum Enhanced Skimming

Table A-3-C. Technical implementation considerations for Vacuum Enhanced Skimming

Table A-3. Illustrations

 

Total Fluid Extraction A-4

Table A-4-A. Total Fluid Extraction

Table A-4-B. Evaluation factors for Total Fluid Extraction

Table A-4-C. Technical implementation considerations for Total Fluid Extraction

Table A-4. Illustrations

 

Multi-Phase Extraction A-5

Table A-5-A. Multi-Phase Extraction

Table A-5-B. Evaluation factors for Multi-Phase Extraction

Table A-5-C. Technical implementation considerations for Multi-Phase Extraction

Table A-5. Illustrations

 

Water Flooding A-6

Table A-6-A. Water Flooding

Table A-6-B. Evaluation factors for Water Flooding

Table A-6-C. Technical implementation considerations for Water Flooding

 

Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation (SESR) A-7

Table A-7-A. SESR

Table A-7-B. Evaluation factors for SESR

Table A-7-C. Technical implementation considerations for SESR

 

Cosolvent Flushing A-8

Table A-8-A. Cosolvent Flushing

Table A-8-B. Evaluation factors for Cosolvent Flushing

Table A-8-C. Technical implementation considerations for Cosolvent Flushing

 

Steam Injection A-9

Table A-9-A. Steam Injection

Table A-9-B. Evaluation factors for Steam Injection

Table A-9-C. Technical implementation considerations for Steam Injection

 

Thermal Conduction Heating A-10

Table A-10-A. Thermal Conduction Heating

Table A-10-B. Evaluation factors for Thermal Conduction Heating

Table A-10-C. Technical implementation considerations for Thermal Conduction Heating

 

Electrical Resistance Heating A-11

Table A-11-A. Electrical Resistance Heating

Table A-11-B. Evaluation factors for Electrical Resistance Heating

Table A-11-C. Technical implementation considerations for Electrical Resistance Heating

 

In-Situ Combustion Smoldering A-12

Table A-12-A. In-Situ Combustion Smoldering

Table A-12-B. Evaluation factors for In-Situ Combustion Smoldering

Table A-12-C. Technical implementation considerations for In-Situ Combustion Smoldering

 

Air Sparging/Soil Vapor Extraction A-13

Table A-13-A. AS-SVE

Table A-13-B. Evaluation factors for AS-SVE

Table A-13-C. Technical implementation considerations for AS-SVE

 

Bioventing/Biosparging A-14

Table A-14-A. Bioventing/Biosparging

Table A-14-B. Evaluation factors for Bioventing/Biosparging

Table A-14-C. Technical implementation considerations for Bioventing/Biosparging

 

In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) A-15

Table A-15-A. ISCO

Table A-15-B. Evaluation factors for ISCO

Table A-15-C. Technical implementation considerations for ISCO

 

Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation A-16

Table A-16-A. Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation

Table A-16-B. Evaluation factors for Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation

Table A-16-C. Technical implementation considerations for Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation

 

Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) A-17

Table A-17-A. NSZD

Table A-17-B. Evaluation factors for NSZD

Table A-17-C. Technical implementation considerations for NSZD

 

Activated Carbon A-18

Table A-18-A. Activated Carbon

Table A-18-B. Evaluation factors for Activated Carbon

Table A-18-C. Technical implementation considerations for Activated Carbon

 

Phytotechnology A-19

Table A-19-A. Phytotechnology

Table A-19-B. Evaluation factors for Phytotechnology

Table A-19-C. Technical implementation considerations for Phytotechnology

 

Physical or Hydraulic Containment A-20

Table A-20-A. Physical or Hydraulic Containment

Table A-20-B. Evaluation factors for Physical or Hydraulic Containment

Table A-20-C. Technical implementation considerations for Physical or Hydraulic Containment

 

In-situ Soil Mixing A-21

Table A-21-A. In-situ Soil Mixing

Table A-21-B. Evaluation factors for In-situ Soil Mixing

Table A-21-C. Technical implementation considerations for In-situ Soil Mixing

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referencesLNAPL Update References
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